Russia’s invasion of Ukraine four years ago started Europe’s biggest conflict since the Second World War, causing massive suffering for civilians and difficult conditions for soldiers while rewriting the post-Cold War security order.
The fight enters its fifth year on Tuesday, and it shows no signs of stopping anytime soon.
The US has launched talks with delegations from Moscow and Kyiv as part of the Trump administration’s year-long campaign for peace. But reconciling key differences, such as the future of Russian-held Ukrainian land and post-war security in Ukraine, has stalled progress.
Meanwhile, thousands of soldiers from each country have died on the battlefield, and Ukrainian civilians have suffered from Russian airstrikes that have caused power outages and water cuts for years.
Here’s a look at the conflict, by the numbers, from the full attack on Feb. 24, 2022.
1.8 million
The highest number of soldiers killed, wounded or missing on both sides, according to a report last month by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a research institute.
It is estimated that Russia suffered 1.2 million casualties, including up to 325,000 military deaths, between February 2022 and December 2025 – the highest number of military deaths of any major power in any conflict since the Second World War.
Russia has not released statistics on battlefield deaths since January 2023, when it said more than 80 soldiers were killed in a strike in Ukraine, bringing the military death toll Moscow has confirmed to just over 6,000.
CSIS estimates that Ukraine has seen 500,000 to 600,000 military casualties, including up to 140,000 deaths.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said earlier this month that 55,000 Ukrainian soldiers had died in the war. Many are missing, he said.
Neither Moscow nor Kyiv provide timely data on military losses. Independent verification is impossible.
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14,999
The United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission’s figures for the death toll in Ukraine since the Russian invasion, although it says that may be underestimated. More than 40,600 civilians were injured during the same period, the December report said.
The war has killed at least 763 children, according to the UN.
Last year was the deadliest for Ukrainian citizens since 2022. Conflict killed 2,514 civilians and injured 12,142 in the country in 2025 – a 31 percent increase in civilian casualties in 2024, it said.
19.4%
Percentage of Ukrainian land taken by Russia, according to the Institute for the Study of War.
Last year, Russia gained only 0.79 percent of Ukraine’s territory in the grinding war, a Washington-based think tank said in figures provided to The Associated Press earlier this month, underscoring the little progress Moscow’s forces have made despite huge military and weapons spending.
Before the all-Russian invasion, it controlled about seven percent of Ukraine, including Crimea and parts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions in the east, as Moscow-backed separatists battled the Ukrainian army, according to Ukrainian officials and Western analysts.
13%
A decrease in the percentage of foreign military aid to Kyiv last year compared to the annual average between 2022 and 2024, according to Germany’s Kiel Institute, which tracks aid to Kyiv.
US President Donald Trump stopped sending US-funded weapons to Ukraine after taking office a year ago. European countries, struggling to make a difference, increased their military aid last year by 67 percent compared to the 2022-2024 period, the center said in a report this month.
Foreign aid and financial assistance to Ukraine decreased by 5 percent last year compared to the average of the previous three years, it said.
5.9 million
The number of Ukrainian citizens who left their country.
An estimated 5.3 million of those people have found refuge in Europe, according to a report this month from the UN office in Ukraine.
At least 300,000 came to Canada.
In addition, about 3.7 million Ukrainians were displaced from their homes, the UN said in December.
The population of Ukraine before the war was over 40 million.
2,881
The number of Russian attacks that have disrupted the provision of health care in Ukraine has reached a record high, according to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO) on Monday.
There was a nearly 20 percent increase in such attacks last year compared to 2024, the UN agency said.
A report earlier this month from the WHO listed at least 2,347 strikes at health facilities, in addition to some that damaged vehicles and the storage of medical supplies.
Adrienne Arsenault visits a children’s hospital in Lviv, Ukraine, which is overwhelmed by the transfer of patients from war-torn areas of the country.
